Watermelon Fruit

Introduction

Watermelon (Citrullus Iunatus Schard) also known as Melikai, Chinese cucumber or watermelon. It is a tropical fruit believed to have originated in tropical Africa. melon is usually eaten fresh or processed into a drink (juice) and seeds are made Kuaci. The popular variety is the New Dragon (red fill), Yellow Baby (fill in yellow), Fengshan and Quality (without seeds).

Climate 
Watermelon plants need warm weather for growth and good yield. Temperatures between 25°C - 35°C during the day and 18°C - 22°C at night and at least 380mm of rain a year is needed.
Land 
Sandy soil and sandy loam soil that is not stagnant water are ideal for growing melons. suitable pH was between 4.6 - 7.0, land which had previously planted watermelons and other crops from the family cucurbitaceace (such as pumpkin, petola, cucumber melon no longer encouraged to be planted with watermelon plants for 3 years. This is to prevent infectious diseases of land.

CultivationThere are two ways for the cultivation of watermelon is planted directly into the field or sowing the first seeds in small plastic bags which are called sheaves.
Plant System SummaryThis system is practiced in a wide area of more than 3 hectares. This seed needs is between 250-350gram per hectare. Seeds are soaked for 12 hours and in the mix with a fungicide (such as thiram at a rate of 3 grams of seed 1000gram). Then it was wrapped in a damp cloth so that the seeds and roots kembag first appeared keladang then planted at a rate of 3-4 seeds per hole.

Nursery system (hoist) 
Mixture of soil and poultry manure at the rate of 3:1 is prepared and filled into small plastic bags (crane). Two or three seeds sown in each pulley. Two or three seeds sown in each pulley. Crane-hoist is placed nursery revealed a 50% coverage and watered two times a day. If no cover, after the watered-crane hoist should be covered with black plastic until the seeds germinate.
Plant 
Land that has been plowed, dug a hole measuring 30cm X 30cm X 30cm with a distance of 2.0 X2.5m plants. This gives the 2000 holes per hectare for the sandy soil. Land that has more content, such as soil clay minerals requires a larger hole and the other. Before the change, the children watered the seed and planting holes, of 1.0-1.5kg, dry poultry manure, and one teaspoon (6-8gram) as an insecticide (Carbofuran) placed in the hole and mix with the soil. Each hole was planted with two seedlings . Ideally, the planting is designed to start at the end of the rainy season.

CARE
Mulching 
Mulch made immediately after the seed changed to the field. It seeks to maintain soil moisture and help control weeds. Among the materials that can be used is grass, weeds, dry straw, old newspapers and plastic-coated aluminum.
Pruning 
Potatoes should be cut watermelon plants at the sixth or seventh segment of the plant between the ages of 10-15 days. This can guarantee. This ensures that the plant grows more supple and provide a more uniform fruit.
Irrigation 
Watermelon plants need plenty of water for good plant growth and fruit enlargement of the maximum. Water needs are critical to early planting (10 days first), the flowering stage (30-40 HST) days after planting and during the growing fruit (40-45 HST). Irrigation system that is used depends on the soil.The determination of the adequacy of the water can be tested by grasping the land, if land is not broken, this indicates that water is sufficient.

WOODS
Maturity Determination 
Watermelon maturity is determined based on the following characteristics:
1. Of age (the age factor to the variety and the planting season. Planting in summer causes fruit matures earlier).
2. Color tendrils and leaves of fruit: (colored tendrils of green to yellow and dry. Tendrils of dried fruit is too ripe mark).
3. The skin is in contact with the ground: (color white before maturity and turns yellow when ripe).
4. Flick fruit (ripe fruit, such as a hollow ring. The fruit is not ripe compact and high-pitched sounds).
5. Veins on the path: (For striped watermelons, veins on the path to break the color lines fade when the ripe fruit).
6. To flash pods (fruits can be harvested when the skin becomes pale or less shiny. At this stage the sugar content reaches a maximum).

How to Harvest 
The fruit is harvested by cutting the fruit stalks using a knife cut. Never pull or twist the quotes as this will cause injury to the fruit and the ease of infection and makes the fruit rot disease.

Post Harvest HandlingFruits were harvested, collected in the shade, sorted according to size, shape and variety previously compiled into the baskets of bamboo or rattan. He then loaded into a covered vehicle for transportation to the destination of sales.

   

Papaya Plant

IntroductionPapaya tree (Carica papaya L) of the family Caricaceae, is also known as Paw-Paw is a herbaceous perennial species are short lived. This plant is believed to have originated from the West Indies or Mexico.Given the very short maturity, about nine months of papaya are usually grown as cash crops in the gardens of rubber and oil palm plantations in the early stages of plant growth itu.Jumlah papaya crop area in Peninsular Malaysia has declined from 1259 ha in 1996 to 1213 ha in 1997 and subsequently to 1207 ha in 1998.

Nutrient ContentPapaya is usually eaten fresh, cooked or processed into various products that have market potential within and outside the country. The products and foods that can be produced, including jams, pies, pickles, kerabu, rojak, candied, orange, jelly / pudding, cocktails and more. Papian, an enzyme derived from papaya latex can be used to soften young meat, hardware used in drinks and other uses in the pharmaceutical field. Nutrient content for a variety Eksitika papaya and other varieties.


Nutrient Content of Food For The Papaya

Type of Substance                      Other Vareiti                     Exotica

                       

Energy (Kcal)                               34.0                                  59.0

Water ( g )                                    90.7                                  84.4

Protein ( g )                                   1.5                                     1.0

Fat ( g )                                          0.1                                     0.1

Carbohydrate ( g )                         7.1                                   13.5

Fiber ( g )                                       0.5                                     0.5

Abu ( g )                                         0.1                                     0.5

Ca ( mg )                                      11.0                                   31.0

P ( mg )                                          7.0                                    17.0

Mg ( mg )                                      0.7                                      0.8

Na ( mg )                                       3.0                                      2.0

K ( mg )                                       39.0                                  337.0                        

Karotene ( ug )                         160.0                                 2431.0

R.E ( ug )                                  193.0                                   405.0

B 1 ( mg )                                      0.03                                     0.08

B 2 ( mg )                                      0.07                                     0.15

Niacin ( mg )                                 0.1                                       0.1

Vitamin C ( mg )                         71.0                                     69.3
BotanyThe scientific name for papaya is Carica papaya L. Caricaceae family.

PrincipalPapaya is a perennial herb plant that has a fast growth rate. The stem grows vertically, air soft tissues, hollow, rubbery, and can reach heights of up to eight meters high. Papaya tree has a shallow root system.
LeafPapaya has a single leaf (single) the width and lug air.There are 5-7 lobes, each jagged rough around the edges. leaves are smooth, dark green at the top and green bottom and a sprig of between 46-60cm long and hollow in the middle.

Listen

Read phonetically

Dictionary - View detailed dictionary

Flowers and PollinationEach papaya tree will produce either male flowers, female flowers, or hermaphrodite flowers. Petals are usually pale cream and waxy. Small male flowers about 2-3 cm long and 1.8 cm wide and form a clump of flowers along the stems 30-90 cm. Female flower size approximately 3 cm in width and length of 6 cm long and have 5 petals. It has a large ovarian and round with the air stigma lobes formed thereon. Usually there is only one female flower, but sometimes there are also 2-3 in the female flowers are formed in the axillary tuft of leaves with short stalks. Hermaphrodite flowers have features that seem to be similar to the female flowers are small in size but slightly elongated and formed ovaries. Besides stigma hermaphrodite flowers have stamens attached to petals.Carica papaya is a natural species poligamus where this species is diesius, the principal of the male with the female in a population. Human disturbance and set aside the election of the male trees are not productive cause ginodiesius populations appear that the principal female and hermaphrodite trees. Pollination occurs by wind and sometimes aided by insects.

FruitThere are a variety of fruit shape in terms of size, shape and color as the trees are cross pollinated papaya. In general, the hermaphrodites were oval and elongated with a dense content, whereas females are round fruit with a large ovarian space and thin flesh. Papaya skin is usually smooth, thin and light green in early stage and turn yellow or orange when ripe papaya Contents creamy yellow and turns to orange or red when ripe. The center of the hollow fruit with small seeds black on the walls sticky.

Papaya cultivarsThe types of papayas grown in Malaysia consists of the types of local and some from abroad, such as Hawaii, India, Indonesia.Jenis of choice is usually the produce quality fruit that is damn heavy. Options are based on the shape of an attractive and uniform size of a tree, sweet taste and resistance to pests and diseases attack.

Six ringsThis type is suitable for processing as its contents are interesting and the fruit of uniform size. It can also be eaten fresh as cut and is not easily breakable. Papaya is a very fertile species in the early stages of growth and early fruiting, about 42-44 weeks after sowing. Fruits come in the form at a low level of 47-60 cm from ground level. Stem basically have a short field, a high percentage of sterile book that is 56% in the first year and 75% in the second. It was found that approximately 10% of the books that bear more than one seed prop buah.Kejadian berkarpel fruit is very low. Hermaphrodites have six earrings were long and cylindrical-shaped and tapered at the neck. Female fruit are round, with a larger ovaries and thin flesh.

The ripe fruit has an attractive color that is consistent with the surface of the yellow fruit is very clean and free of spots or bruises while the bright red fruit flesh color and a bit dull when close to the skin. Their texture is nice and steady, with low sugar content in the range of 10.5 to 11%, JPL and the lack of flavor.
The mature fruit weighs in the range of 1.3 kilograms each. The result of the six rings are not so stable as sensitive to the competition. Under good management, the results can reach 40-50 tonnes per hectare after 18 months of planting.

SitiwanPapaya is more suitable for this type of processed or canned as a result of high and solid content. It has a very lush growth, medium height and bear fruit quickly, about 44-45 weeks after sowing. The first fruit is formed at a height of 80 cm from ground level.
The stem has a high sterilized books at 65% in the first year and 68% in the kedua.Kira about 12% of books that support the fruit of more than one seed.

Sitiawan hermaphrodite papaya the fruit of long, cylinder shaped, while females were found to be more rounded at the bottom. The ripe fruit has orange-yellow color with green strips. The skin is clean and free of spots or bruises. Fruit surface uneven and sometimes marked with lines and grooves. Color content, but rather dull red when near the skin of fruit. The texture is very strong, feeling good about the sugar content in the range of 10% J.P.L
Fruit size at maturity is between 1.5 - 2.5 pounds each. Results papaya Sitiawan susceptible to environmental conditions, with the 10 to 50 tonnes is recommended sehektar.Kepadatan 1.500 trees per hectare.

CoalThis type is selected from a town called 'Coal', about 40 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur. Papaya is a type of medium height, but quickly bear fruit. It starts flowering 4 to 6 months after sowing and will take 5 months to grow and cook the fruit. The first fruits can be found at a height of 80 cm from ground level. Growth and production of extremely sensitive to environmental factors such as high temperatures and drought.

Coal papaya fruit has elongated shaped hermaphrodites and Genuk with a diameter similar to the fruit. Female fruit is more rounded behind.The ripe fruit has scabby skin color with streaks of green and are clean and free of spots or bruises. Ovaries were relatively small space with large numbers. It contained a red, very thick, robust with a smooth aroma and a simple sugar content of 12 - 13% J.P.L

The mature fruit is medium in size with an objection within the 1.5 kilograms each. The average production is 15 to 20 seeds per plant per year with average yield of 30 tonnes per hectare tam.

ExoticaPapaya is a result of this type of hybrid between Subang six types of foreign species of Hawaiian Sunrise Solo. It is the kind of Gynodiosius with modest growth characteristics. The first fruit is formed at a height of 60 - 80 cm from ground level, and can be harvested about 42-44 weeks after sowing with gender segregation 2:1 (hermaphrodite: female).
Incidence is relatively low percentage of sterile books of 22% in the first year and 47% in the second. Fruit is usually formed in each book and found fertile spread evenly throughout the tree trunk. Production of flowers and fruit are sensitive to environmental factors.

Hermaphrodite papaya fruits that have shaped piriform and little cigars on the top, while the female fruit with a round shape. It has a smooth rind, but sometimes lined with a thin elongated grooves. The ripe fruit has a yellowish color with green lines. Usually there are spots on the skin of fruit. The contents of red and orange fruits uniformly so crust. The best stage for eating fresh fruit is when the index level of maturity in 5, ie 75% of the fruit is yellow. At this stage, solid content, water, scented with sugar content between 13 - 15% J.P.L

The average size is 600 to 800 g each. Under proper management, trees can produce an average yield Exotica of 40-65 tonnes / ha / year.

 Exotica IIThis type of papaya is also known as the 'Hybrid Exotica "and is produced from a cross Drops 19 Drops 20 Exotica by Exotica. Gender segregation was 1:1 (hermaphrodite: female) Exotica II has features similar to Exotica, but with the advantage of perkar matters as follows:
i. Cosmetics fruit: the fruit is less spotted;ii. The flesh is sweet: 14.5% J.P.L;iii. Larger fruit size: 600-100 g each;iv. High income: in the range of 20% higher than Exotica;v. Texture fill more robus

Simenfero For Landscaping

Introduction
In the field of landscape architecture or landscape, the materials used in a landscape design can be categorized into two groups, "Softscape 'and' Hardscape.
"Softscape 'is a living material, such as ornamental trees, flowers, trees and grass-arranged medley-set by a design plan.

"Hardscape" is a building that is used as an addition or a combination of 'Softscape' for a more interesting effect on a recreational park. Among the examples of 'hardscape' in a garden is a brick, bridge, fence and carved statues.
To build a structure of Hardscape, simenfero technology is introduced and widely used in the development of recreational parks. Using this method, a design 'Harpscape' can be shaped and built with ease as well as low cost.

Fero cement 
Fero cement is the kind of structures of the mortar itself (the mixture of sand, cement and water) in lepa thin steel wire in the network. So basically simenfero term means a combination of ferrous (iron) and cement.Historically fero cement was pioneered by Joseph Louis, a French noble birth in 1848 and was patented in 1852. He has built several structures such as boat-rowing, flower pots and benches from a material called 'Ferciment. The technology has subsequently been developed by Professor Nervi.Ferp cement technology was subsequently expanded to other countries such as Russia, India, Tibet, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Asia. In places where the hard earned wood or decreases, this technology has been used to build structures such as the protection of residential homes and farm structures.
In Australia, the Sydney Opera House building was constructed by using fero cement. In Indonesia and India, railway stations and mosques were built using this technology. In Italia, has built its naval warship technology simenfero during the second world war.

In the Philippines, Malaysia Fin (Ferrocement Information Network, based at the Annual University of Agriculture Malaysia , are the institutions responsible for introducing and developing technology since 1979.
 
Advantages Fero cement 
Many structures 'Hardscape' a landscape architecture built using the technology because it is easy to set up simenfero. A part from that, the structure is resistant fero cement exposed to rain and heat, have the force of heat flow is low, strong, easily repaired and does not require sophisticated equipment for construction work. The materials used for construction of structures fero cement easily available and affordable.

Material Fero cement 
Essentially, fero cement composite materials consisting of mortar (a mixture of sand, cement and water), reinforcement, wire mesh and steel that are formed in accordance with the desired structure. Mixture should be done carefully to ensure fero cement structure can meet the required quality.
Building materials needed for cement is fero cement, fine sand, reinforcement mesh, steel wire and paint.

Cement 
Cement is a building material which has viscosity characteristics which allow to form with pieces of minerals into a compact structure. Materials that stick in fero cement called mortar.Mortar generally consist of a mixture of Portland cement and silica sand. Cement, when mixed with water into a gel and finally produce a strong structure of hardened cement paste. There are three types of cement, namely: -
1.Simen Ordinary Portland (Type 1)2.Simen Ordinary Portland (Type 11)3.Simen Portland Fast Hard (of I11)Against Portland 4.Simen Sulfate (Type 1V

Ordinary Portland Cement (Type 1)  
This type of cement is not recommended to be used for the construction of the structure is exposed to sulfate in the soil, ground water, sea water and a high state of hydration.
Ordinary Portland Cement (Type 11)  
This type of cement can be used for the construction of the dam structure. It also can be used in situations where the temperature rose rapidly, the high and where the thermal contraction can be reduced.
Ordinary Portland Cement (Type I11)  
This type of cement used for the purpose of producing power quickly. In general, the strength is seven times stronger than ordinary cement at the same rate of water use in the mix and strength of the measured three days after mixing. 
  
Against Portland Cement Sulfate (Type 1V) 
This type of cement can be used for building structures exposed to sulfate and seawater attack. This type of cement did not reduce the force against Sulfate and are usually more expensive than ordinary cement.
Fine Aggregate 
Best aggregate fero cement mixture is river sand. Before use, the sand must be clean from mud and soil, come pre-assembled and free from organic materials that can react chemically with the cement.Sand must be graded to sift it first. The maximum aggregate size is 2.63mm. Size is important to ensure good quality construction.Mixing ratio of cement, sand and water is an important point in getting a good mixture for a structure.

Table 1: The ratio of mixing sand / cement and cement / water for Weight-Based Construction Common.

                                  Mixture                             Ratio
                   
                          Cement and Sand           1: 1.5 - 2.5
                          Cement / water             1: 0.35 - 0.5

For example, if the ratio of cement / sand-cement ratio be 2.0 and / 0.5 dimabil water, then cement is needed for 1kg 2.0kg 0.5kg of sand and water required for the selected ratio.

And mesh reinforcement
Reinforcement is the material used to form structures and the basic strength of the structure. Materials used for reinforcement should be selected from the appropriate type and size as RodMS Steel, wire and others. Bamboo is also used as reinforcement was attempted.Steel mesh was used as a plaster to the concrete surface to form a structure.. There are several types of networks used as Hexagon wire mesh (0.5 x 22 gauge) or better known mesh pigeon. Square weld mesh (0.5 x 19 Gauge x 0.5), expanded metal (Expanded Metal) and Watson network.

Paint (dye)

Paint or dye used for the structural estatik other than adding a built resilience. Epoxy is also used for the purpose of improving the performance and use of structures exposed to humid conditions.
 The type and color of the selected depending on the structures and artistic expertise of a person. Which type of paint used is Cote Timber and shiny paint types (gloss). Cat "Timber Cote" has 9 different colors while the paint of polished (gloss) is ideal for color selection and shiny.
Basic Tools For Work SimenFero
 For fero cement work, basic equipment needed is a shovel cement, cement Smoothing, "plier, wire cutters and some other equipment.
Construction Process Structure fero cement
In the construction of the structures 'Hardscape' garden art, it involves several processes. In short, the construction of fero cement structure is as follows.
1. Determine the type and size of structures to be built2. To determine the approximate quantity of materials3. Form a frame structure4. Preparing the mortar mix (by volume)5. Plaster mortar6. Completing the work surface.7. Treatment8. Painting

Determine the type and size.
 Fero cement structures to determine the nature, size and whether the appropriate volume based on the budget or plan to design a landscape that has been provided.
To determine the approximate quantity of construction materials.
 In practice, the materials for cement fero not weighed before the mixture is made, but measured by volume. Given the density of the mixture is not equal to each other, then measure by volume should be changed so that the ratio by weight can be removed.
The density of ordinary cement, sand and water is around 3150 kg / cubic meter, 2600 kg / cubic meter, and 1000 kg / cubic meter. This shows that the density for a volume load as 1meter solid, heavy formed by the 3150 kg of cement, sand and water 2600 kg 1000 kg, according to the volume capacity ratio, which is to be converted into cargo volume.
For the calculation of material for mixing mortar, mix ratio by weight to water: cement: sand can be converted to a ratio by volume as follows:
                         
                              The ratio by weight is:
                                        Sand / Cement 2.0: 1.0
                                        Water / Cement 0.5: 1.0
               For each cement volume V, the volume of sand required is 

                                             = 3150 x 2 x V
                                              __________
                                                    2600
                                            = 2.5V 
Water required is: 
= 0.5 x 3150 x V 
Therefore, in accordance with the volume ratio of water: cement: sand is equivalent to 1.5: of 1.0: 2.5In the preparation of materials for a project, the estimated volume to be built structure can be determined by the ratio determined. This is to prevent wastage or lack of materials during the project.For example, to construct a simple garden art structures require a large volume of mortar 0.2meter. Increase of 10% - 15% of the volume is made as to security reasons.To ensure a good mix, you can test it with a little double concrete by hand. If you do not clench formed the crack or split up, this indicates the lack of cement concrete or water. If you clench hard to be formed, this means that the concrete over the water.

Form a framework structureOnce the materials have been prepared for fero cement, the framework of a building to be done Using the materials for reinforcement, and wire mesh. Frame is made of soft steel and wrapped with wire mesh on the frame structure is bound with fine wire. Make sure the frame and mesh neatly tied.

Plaster mortar
Fero cement for the structure, usually plaster mix mortar by hand. Plaster mortar should be consistent and mortar can flow into the net to meet the cavity is air-cavity. This determines the durability and quality of structures. Typically, the mixture should be paved from the outside into the surface structure. Mortar mix well with the appropriate viscosity to facilitate resurfacing works. It is important to compress the mortar due to the presence of the cavity-air cavity lesion structural strength. Plaster work requires skills usually acquired through training and experience.

Surface Finishing. 
After the plaster mortar is finished, fero cement surface finishing work to be done before the mortar dried whole or 'set'. Make sure no exposed wire or steel from the surface as it will weaken the structure. Building surface can be left rough or smooth depending on the construction of the structure. Well, the thickness of the mortar that covers the reinforcement / mesh wire must not exceed 1.5mm. These are the appropriate thickness in the most fero cement construction.

Painting 
The combination of color plays an important role in shaping the construction of a cement estatik fero or 'Hardscape' landscape. Colored cement can be used to maintain the color of a surface structure, but its price is more expensive than ordinary cement. To get a beautiful finish paint should be applied to the movement from left to right and vice versa, or from top to bottom and vice versa. It also ensures the cavity-cavity on the surface was covered by paint.

Oyster mushrooms

Introduction
Mushrooms are a fungus that can be divided into two types of poisonous (not edible) and types that are not poisonous (to eat). Refreshing mushroom has long been used as food ingredients that can increase the taste of food. In general, it contains high protein from other green vegetables. It also contains carbohydrates, high fiber and vitamins and low in fat.

Fresh mushrooms can grow in the wild and can be planted using planting media such as wood and cotton dust. Planting fresh mushrooms have high economic potential. Some types of mushrooms found to be suitable for planting in Malaysia among them is the oyster mushroom or scientific name is Pleurotus sp. There are three common types of oyster mushrooms grown in the area of low, namely: -

a. White Oyster (Pleurotus florida)b. Oyster Gray (Pleurotus sajor-caju)c. Abalone Oyster (Pleurotus Cystidiousus)

                                 White Oyster (Pleurotus florida)

                                Oyster Gray (Pleurotus Sajor-Caju)

                                Abalone Oyster (Pleurotus Cystidiousus)

 

This type of mushroom can be grown on waste materials such as rubber wood dust, rerami rice, cake and others in the mushroom house.
   Grey Oyster Mushroom Nutrition Diet (100gm fresh weight)
 
Breakdown Face Food                  Content
( a ) Energy                                           37 Kcal 
( b ) Water                                            89.2 gm 
( c ) Protein                                             3.6 gm 
(d ) Fat                                                    0.7 gm 
( e ) Carbohydrates                                  4.1 gm 
( f )  Fiber                                                 1.8 gm 
( g ) Calcium                                                2 mg 
( h ) Phosphorus                                         88 mg 
( i )  Iron                                                      1 mg 
( j ) Sodium                                                  6 mg 
( k ) Potassium                                          195 mg 
( l ) Vitamin B 1                                        0.03 mg 
( m ) Vitamin B 2                                      0.45 mg 
( n )  Niasin                                                9.1 mg 
( o ) Vitamin C                                           9.4 mg
     

Mushroom Cultivation and Management Requirements
Oyster mushroom cultivation success depends on several key environmental factors such as type of substrate, temperature, humidity, light, ventilation, and so on. Good performance in this industry depends on the practices of operators in the following matters.

1. Mold Construction(A.) Construction of new homes and mushrooms are not specifically required. It is more economical when using spaces available and is adding shelves and made a few modifications such as installing nets on the wall to prevent pest attacks and to install water pipes to make watering easy.(B) new materials are also not required, it is sufficient to use the materials used and the materials available.(C) For the convenience of carrying out maintenance work best mushroom house has three spaces.i. Space provision - the place to wood dust blending, filling and steaming bag of mushrooms.ii. Injection rooms - special chamber to inject the seeds.iii. Mushroom bag space - this space is divided into two, namely a space for growth maisiliam (incubation) and a further space for bags to produce mushrooms.(C.) The field size of 4.5mx 4.5m can accommodate about 2000 bag of mushrooms.(E) The width of shelf mushroom is approximately 20-30 cm in length and longer shelf mushroom bag depending on the area of mushroom houses.(F) High shelf is 1.8m and the distance between the rack level preferably 50cm.(G) rack space 0.5mx 1.2m area can accommodate 36-40 bag of mushrooms.(H) The distance between the shelves is an easy-1.5m to carry out maintenance work and collect revenue.


2. Preparation of Mushroom BagBag of mushrooms should be provided as a mushroom growing media maisiliam place. The materials used are rubber wood dust, fine bran, agricultural lime and water. Apart from the above materials, equipment used as well as plastic bags (size 8.5 X 35 cm, heat-resistant), neck and close the bag, cotton. 

                          Methods of preparing mushroom bags are as follows: -(A) Mix of wood dust rubber, rice bran and agricultural lime at a rate of 100: 10: 1 by weight.(B) Shut off water to the dirt timber when the grasp is not greed.(C) Put the rubber to a mixture of wood dust in plastic bags and shock absorbers to compact.(D) Put the neck and cover (cap stuffed with a little cotton).(E) Continue to work (a), (b), (c) and (d) until the expiry of rubber wood dust has been mixed.

3. Mushroom steaming bagsAfter the preparation of mushroom bag, steaming should be carried out to kill all organisms in the dust timber and also seeks to prevent pollution. Tools needed are drums, a set of kitchen gas, and close the lid of the drum barrel.

                     How to steaming mushroom bags are as follows: -(A) Place the liner into the 12cm tall drums.(B) Fill the water in the drums of the same high level with the pad.(C) Arrange the mushroom bags vertically into drums and close tightly.(D) Steam for 5-6 hours.(E) Remove the mushroom bags of drums and let stand for 2 nights.
4. Mushroom Seed Selection
These factors should be considered to select the seeds mushrooms are as follows: -
(A) Select the desired type of seed mushrooms properly.(B) Maisiliam good mushroom seeds look like white cotton.(C) Select the pertumbuahan maisiliamnya seed to the bottle full of seeds.(D) Do not gunakna brown seeds and remove secretions such as oil because the seeds were old and not active.(E) Do not use seeds that have been contaminated by fungi green, yellow and black.(F) Do not select seeds that smell sour and wormy.

 

 

 

5. The seed injectionAfter steaming bag of mushrooms and seed selection has been made, the work must be carried out is the injection of seed in a special clean room so that no contamination occurs. Materials / equipment needed is seed mushrooms, pick iron / wood, lampi spirits, marker pen and lighter fuel.

                  Methods for injecting seeds are as follows: -(A) Choose a good seed is the seed pure white color.(B) Heat the iron pick on fire to kill all organisms that can cause pollution.(C) Break the mushrooms to pick seeds that have been in the heat earlier.(D) Open the mouth of the bag and add mushrooms, mushroom seed estimates of a tablespoon.(E) Heat closed mouth and put the bag of mushrooms mushrooms back in the bag.(F) Record the injection of seed and bags of mushrooms in the mushroom.(G) Incubation right bag for 30-35 days until the mushrooms mushrooms maisiliam meet bag. Temperature 28C - 30C is the most appropriate in this incubation process. Incubation mushroom bags are placed in a cold room and separate.

6. Care Bag And The Mushroom House Mushroom Suitable for Good Growth(A) bags that were injected consolidated placed special space for the incubation process before the mold was moved to the house.(B) The temperature of any 28C - 30C is suitable for the growth maisiliam during incubation.(C) The temperature in the house for mold fungus growth is 30C - 32C.(D) Relative humidity of air required in the mushroom house is 80-90%.(E) For low temperature and humidity are required, mushroom house should be watered two times a day of morning and evening. Splash of good done in walls, floors and if necessary, to the roof.(F) Remove and destroy bags of mushrooms that have been contaminated bags of yellow-green and orange and black bags that have been entered into by insects and maggots.(G) Remove the bags of old and uneconomical from the mushroom house. These bags can be recycled as fertilizer plant compass.(H) Clean the mushrooms home environment from weeds and rubbish.(I) To plant lots of shady trees around the house to get the mushroom dim atmosphere with low temperature.(J) Good ventilation is needed for lush growth of mold.(K) Home mushrooms require low light and the rest. Rays of the sun directly into the mushroom house will hinder the growth of fungi.

7. Collecting revenue
After the injection of seed, further work is to collect revenue. How to collect the results are as follows: -
(A) After maisiliam meet the mushroom bag, move and arrange the bags on the shelf collapsed in the mushroom house. Appropriate temperature in the mushroom house is 30C - 32C with relative humidity of 80% comparative - 90%.(B) Open mouth bag of mushrooms and wait for the first probe (3-5 days after the close of the bag is opened).(C) Spray water on the walls, floor and mushroom bags in the mornings and evenings to raise humidity and lower temperature state.(D) Collect mushrooms that were grown before the sides and around the waves breaking.(E) Close the mouth of the bag back mushrooms and Rest of the bag for 70-10 days prior to the re-opening to yield the following.
Collection of mushrooms is the first 40-60 days after the injection of seed. The following excerpt is 10-14 days after the bag rested. Once the collection of revenue can reach the bag of 60-80 g / bag and a bag of mushrooms can provide 5-6 times the proceeds to talk for 3-4. Mushrooms have been harvested can be stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5C - 10C for 2-3 days.